Management and Organizational Structure Issues Essays

The board and Organizational Structure Issues Essays The board and Organizational Structure Issues Paper The board and Organizational Structure Issues Paper This record presents reactions to the conversation addresses presented in part 8 (O. C, Geoffrey Linda, 2009). The section examines about association structure, cooperation, and correspondence. Association structure is the type of an association that is apparent in the manner divisions, offices, capacities, and individuals interface together and communicate. Association structure uncovers vertical operational obligations, and flat linkages, and might be spoken to by an association graph. The multifaceted nature of an organization’s structure is frequently corresponding to its size and its geographic dispersal. Business Situation Regarding Spectrum Brand The areas underneath imagine reference to the above business circumstance. The most effective method to Organize Spectrum Brands Using A Matrix Structure The framework structure bunches workers by both capacity and item. This structure depends on various representative detailing structures. It stresses both vertical hierarchical chain of command and flat connections. At the end of the day, any representative inside a lattice association reports upwards to useful directors and, in light of geographic prerequisites, may likewise report sideways to extend supervisors. In this game plan, workers are capable to two administrators practical and venture chiefs (O. C, Geoffrey Linda, 2009). Representatives can be in one division and report to useful administrator, however these equivalent workers might be doled out to various tasks and report to a venture chief while taking a shot at that venture. In this way, every worker may need to work under a few administrators to complete their activity. The most effective method to Organize Spectrum Brands Using Multidivisional Structure The multidivisional structure of Spectrum Brands can be separated into three territories: item, showcase, and geographic. These are summed up as follows: Product structure: Each item division contains the capacities important to that particular great. Item structure groups’ worker together dependent on explicit items created by the organization. Range Brands, for instance, can work with its items, for example, pet food, pet supplies, preparing item, toys, curiosity things, nutrients and veterinary supplies. The organization can have a different division for every item. Market structure: Market structure bunches representatives together dependent on explicit market in which the organization sells. The organization can offer its items to singular purchasers and business buyer. So the deals and buyer client assistance cooperated, and corporate deals and corporate client care cooperated. Geographic structure: This structure bunches each authoritative capacity into divisions dependent on land premise. Every division inside a divisional structure can contain all the important assets and capacities inside it. Divisions can be classified from various perspectives. Particularly if the organization is confronting issue of controlling its exercises on a national or universal level is probably going to utilize a geographic structure and gathering capacities into local divisions to support clients in various areas. Each geographic division can access to a full arrangement of the capacities it needs to give its items. The Most Effective Structure For Spectrum Brands A multidivisional structure can permit Spectrum Brands to facilitate intergroup connections more successfully than does a framework structure. Since the organization supplies pet items in 48 states and has in excess of 750 stores, offices can be shaped based on topography, client, item, or a mix of these. This structure can likewise permit territorial chiefs and workers to be near their clients and, may grow more connections that may give directors and representatives additional motivating force to perform well. Employees’ close ID with their division can build their dedication, reliability, and occupation fulfillment. Potential Communication Problems In Matrix And Multidivisional Structure Information sharing is significant in organizations like Spectrum Brands in light of the fact that few individuals might be required for a similar bit of work. Since a lattice association outline is working with increasingly complex correspondence structure and pecking order, it should be organized appropriately. One that isn’t appropriately considered and executed can be broken in that it makes disarray rather that lucidity. Confounding correspondence is consistently a drawback to the association or a group. Network structure increment job struggle and job equivocalness. Detailing relationship in this structure makes worker helpless against job equivocalness. Two managers setting clashing expectations for two-supervisor worker connections. This contention and vagueness can expand sentiments of stress. Representatives experience issues in showing their own commitments to group execution since they move so regularly starting with one group then onto the next. Also, there are restricted open doors for advancement, on the grounds that most development is horizontal, from group to group, not vertical to upper administration positions. Divisional structures typically have a larger number of directors and a bigger number of levels of the executives than lattice structures have, interchanges issues can emerge as different levels in different divisions endeavor to arrange their exercises. As the organizations develop and enhance, customary line structures become hard to facilitate, settling on correspondence troublesome and dynamic moderate (O. C, Geoffrey Linda, 2009). Divisions may begin to finish for hierarchical assets and may begin to seek after divisional objectives and targets to the detriment of authoritative ones. Best Level Of Centralization In Matrix And Multidivisional Structure Multidivisional structures grant appointment of dynamic position, permitting divisional and office directors to practice. They permit those nearest to the activity to settle on the choices that will influence them. Designation of power and divisionalized work likewise imply that better choice quicker, and they will in general be progressively creative (O. C, Geoffrey Linda, 2009). A multidivisional structure makes it moderately simple for associations to assess and compensate the exhibition of individual divisions and their directors and to dole out remunerations in a manner that is firmly connected to their presentation. Corporate directors can likewise assess one local activity against another and in this way shared thoughts among districts and discover approaches to improve execution. Framework structures give adaptability, upgraded collaboration, and inventiveness, and they empower the organization to react rapidly to changes in the earth by concentrating on explicit undertakings or issues. Notwithstanding, they are commonly costly and very perplexing, and representatives might be confounded with regards to whose authority has need (the venture manager’s or the utilitarian manager’s) Conclusions The data introduced above prompts the accompanying ends: 1. The lattice structure bunches workers by both capacity and item. This structure depends on various representative revealing structures. It underlines both vertical hierarchical order and even connections. 2. In multidivisional structure, divisions (offices) can be framed based on item, showcase, and geographic structure. 3. In multidivisional structures interchanges issues can emerge as different levels in different divisions endeavor to arrange their exercises. Framework Structure increment job struggle and job vagueness on two-manager representative connections. 4. Multidivisional structures grant appointment of dynamic power, permitting divisional and office directors to practice. In network workers might be befuddled with regards to whose authority has need (the task manager’s or the practical manager’s). Reference Ferrell, O. C. , Hirt, G. , Ferrell, L. (2009). Business: An evolving world: 2009 custom release (seventh ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Topshop Marketing Plan

Market OverviewTarget showcase: The Topshop Corporation center around the clients of youngsters, who is somewhere in the range of 15 and 30 years of age, particularly for youthful females who likes to pubbing, clubbing and have a feeling of fun. For this second, our purchaser advertise specialty isn't the higher salary level yet the youngsters on financial plan. Client profile:Our client profile is youngsters driven by a should be stylish and in vogue, they like all pattern setting magazines. Our image additionally appears to understudies, experts, design taste creators and prominent A-List stars the same. Contender profile:The principle contenders incorporates H&M, Zara, French Connection and GAP. These organizations are all retailer partnerships, which has universal business and online retail locations, and bigger pieces of the overall industry in style retail showcase contrasting and Topshop.Marketing ObjectivesGoals . The targets can be separated into two sections. Right off the bat, the Topshop Corporation is concentrating on the global business, the ongoing target is constructed in excess of 100 stores everywhere throughout the world in under five years to raise the consciousness of the brand. Furthermore, so as to expand the deals, the Topshop enterprise chooses to grow their market focusing on level, raising the brand position, advancing the collaboration with popular worldwide style architect, the goal is to construct a universal design brand with various situation of sales.Marketing StrategyYour methodology and showcasing blend: [Use this area to sum up the general technique and advertising blend (The 8 P’s Product: The Topshop partnership won't change design dress as its principle item, yet more frill will be elevated to the market,Place and Timeï ¼Å¡ Price Promotion Process Physical Environment PeopleProductivity and Quality you will use to situate yourself inside the market to meet your customers’ needs. Whatever your procedure, you objective ought to be to separate yourself from your rivals to urge clients to pick your business first.]Action Steps Top 10 Action Steps: [Create a rundown of the Top 10 activity steps that will bring your hypothetical destinations (your promoting methodology and targets) to life. For example Finish S.W.O.T. Movement Sheet, total promoting budget] Background AnalysisThe foundation investigation should give a preview of where you are at the present time, where you have been and where you need to go. Undertaking this procedure will assist you with defining your business' capacities and discover openings inside your specific market. At last, characterizing your center business components will guarantee that your showcasing plan and generally speaking business system cooperate seamlessly.Business outline [The diagram should cover the stray pieces of your business including:The name, structure and date of foundation Topshop is a British global retailer which has practical experience in design dress, shoes, make-up and extras. It was built up in Sheffield, UK, in 1964. Insights concerning the proprietors (their names, jobs and levels of experience and so on.) What your business is about (your business crucial, and values) The key business targets you might want to achieveAn blueprint of the principle items and administrations sold A monetary examination of your business including deals and gainfulness A S.W.O.T. examination of your business to set a line in the sand]SWOT analysisThe quality of the Topshop Corporation is that the proprietor of Topshop is the Arcadia Group, which can give positive administration and solid money related help for its auxiliary organization. Also, the Topshop brand has take an enormous piece of the pie in the British territory, the impact of the brand is profound among British individuals, and it has in excess of 300 stores across the country and gives a wide range of sorts of decisions in product offerings and structure assortmen t of items with a large number of looks per season creatively.The shortcoming of the Topman Corporation is their universal market, the organization is worldwide, however it has stores just in a couple of nations around the world, the piece of the overall industry is poor in US and China which are the two greatest markets on the planet. An enormous number of staff and items make it hard to oversee and build the administration costs. What's more, large store space lead to powerless client administrations. On web shopping, there is no detail and size for accessorizes.The open door for the Topshop Corporation is the potential market in the oversea market. There are bunches of youngsters in China and US, and they have incredible buying power, which is a decent open door for Topshop to contribute. Furthermore, contrasted and other design retailers, it isn't simply focusing at youngsters, yet in addition white-nabbed laborers and a piece of mid-matured people who follow the most recent fas hion.The dangers are from the contenders like Zara, H&M and French Collection. Like Topshop, they are all design dress retailers, the contenders may have lower pieces of the overall industry in Britain than Topshop, yet their deals are for the most part from the abroad market, and their brands have been acknowledged by the neighborhood individuals. On the off chance that Topshop need to extend the oversea market, it is important to show its special highlights and improve quality and hold low cost and great plan, and face a few constraints from government approaches and to think about the social and requests of the nearby condition when possibleObjectives: Vision and mission:The Topshop Corporation is a universal style retailer, it has more than 440 shops everywhere throughout the world, more than 300 in Britain, which takes more thanâ 50%. For the ongoing years, the British economy was not awesome, so the sell in the territory was beneath normal. In the period of fast globaliza tion, mechanical advancement, populace blast, and ecological change, the need of universal promoting are squeezing. From the topshop universal divisions, we can get the point that the global market has not been completely developed.US, the greatest monetary element on the planet, just have four topshop stores, and the second greatest financial substance, China, just have one. This pieces of the overall industry isn't sufficient in these two nations. Take Zara for instance, we can realize the significance to extend an oversea market. The Zara Corporation is a Spanish garments and frill retailer, correspondingly with Topshop, however Zara opened in excess of 150 stores in China, pretty much every large urban areas in china, and Zara corporation’s deals developed with an astonishing rate, and turned into the pioneer in the style dress industry.The first objective is named â€Å"explore the new world†, which implies the Topshop Corporation is planned for building up the ov ersea advertising, particularly China and US. The arrangement for the organization is to open 50 stores in China and 40 stores in US in the following five years.The second objective is named â€Å"the social network†, the fact is focused on e-start. In China, E-business is turning out to be increasingly more well known these days, in the date of 11 NOV and 12 DEC consistently, there will be an enormous markdown on the web, on those date the deals will be in excess of 35 billion RMBs, the number is truly astounding. The topshop has just had their online stores, and furthermore have worldwide business on the web, however just takes little offers. Our arrangement for the organization is to fabricate a world level site in various nations, and grow abroad online market.StrategyThere are a few stages to complete the procedure, right off the bat, the advisement.For the clients in China and US, they may inexperienced with the new brand, so a decent advancement is significant for Tops hop. In the commercial, we should accentuation our image is intended for nearby individuals, for instance, in China, we should feature that the style attire are intended for the eastern individuals, and incorporated with some neighborhood culture help out some acclaimed creators to advance the new product.To open the Chinese market, the main thing our image needs is to distribute Production Promotion Release Conference in the greatest urban areas in China like Beijing or Shanghai, and open the principal store in the focal zone of these urban areas. In the late spring of 2013, US well known style retailer brand Hollister open the main store in Salitun, Beijing, which is the mainstream business locale in China, and discharge an incredible design model execution, after that the deals of the store was becoming exceptionally quick. This development raised the consciousness of the brand and increased greater prominence among youngsters, the topshop may take in an exercise from it.

7 Questions to Answer in Your Business Pitch

7 Questions to Answer in Your Business Pitch At its core, a business pitch is a presentation given to an investor, inviting him or her to consider investing in your business idea. This can be done in several different ways â€" online and via e-mail, in-person, or through requests for pitches/proposals. With nontraditional methods employed by the influx of business incubators and accelerators in most major cities, the business pitch has replaced the business plan as a buzzword among start-ups. From the idea of an elevator pitch (which is basically your business pitch in the few minutes it takes to ride an elevator with someone), to the 30 to 50-page business plan, the business pitch falls somewhere in the middle as a way to attract investors and to convince them to fund your entrepreneurial idea.So, do I even need a business plan if I have a business pitch?So, do you even need a business plan at all? In her article in Forbes, Sabrina Parsons, CEO of Palo Alto Software, expresses concern over the assumption that a business plan i s a thing of the past. While she admits that the days of 30 to 50-page business plans might be over, she points out that a true venture capitalist will want to see the numbers and details that a business plan provides.So, go ahead, pitch, she writes. Dont send a business plan to anyone. But you better have done your homework and have all the research somewhere-- so that when that Venture Capitalist asks you a pointed question about why your forecast is realistic, you can launch into an intelligent response that covers your market, the size, the competition, and your pricing, which will show that Venture Capitalist you actually do know what you are talking about, and could potentially implement this business.The lesson here is that you cant have a great business pitch without a great business plan to give it a backbone. But once thats the case, and youve done your research, here are seven questions you should be ready to answer during and after your business pitch presentation.Questi on 1 â€" What is the competitive landscape?Any business plan or business pitch needs to contain a solid picture of the competitive landscape surrounding the proposed business. Who are the competitors? What are their strengths? What are their weaknesses? What do they do that you plan to do better; or in other words, how do you plan to compete with them?Understanding the competition is a large part of running a successful business. In the same sense that when pitching a novel to a publisher, a novelist will need to know the sales statistics of other writers who have successfully published in their intended genre, and how he or she will be different from those writers â€" you need some numbers to run by your potential investors to show them the high odds of your business being a success. In the simplest of terms, you need to know and be able to clearly present what else is out there thats similar to what youre doing, and know details like what theyre charging and whats included. Not on ly will this help you to potentially fill in gaps in service or product offerings that other businesses are providing, it will also help you to narrow down the revenue you can expect to make by looking at the revenue of similar businesses.Question 2 â€" Who is the market for what youre offering and how do you plan to reach them?The next information that needs to be a part of your business pitch is the market for what youre offering and how you plan to reach that market. This can include demographics of your intended clients or customers. Being as specific as you can be in delineating each possible demographic will assist later â€" after your business is up and running â€" in designing specific marketing campaigns on social media or elsewhere. Such campaigns are targeted as narrowly as possible when optimized to reach the best audiences, so knowing these details on the front-end of your business preparations will be valuable insight.Knowing your market will also help you to tailor yo ur business website content. If youre like most start-ups, your online presence is essential to what youre doing and a website (or social media) is required. Distinguishing your market will help your website reach the right audience and project the right brand image you are seeking to build.Question 3 â€" What will you sell/offer and how much will you sell/offer over the next 12 months? What about the next 5 years?This information should include details about the product or service you plan to offer in your entrepreneurial activities, as well as a forecasted volume of sales. These numbers should be based on solid research, with numbers reflecting current market trends and statistics. Whatever information you find thats relevant, document it and its source, keeping in mind to pull numbers only from valid, trustworthy sources.Your sales goals should also be divided into periods â€" for example, the first year of business operation and the first 5 years of business operation. The busin ess plans that do this correctly can also project further than 5 years. This shows your investor that you are prepared for things like changes in the market, and have set realistic sales goals to help you to keep up with how your sales are doing despite such changes. Even if you arent completely sure of how the outlook of your sales will look within the next 5-year timeframe, planning for these long-term goals keeps you looking like youre on top of your game (even if you arent!).Having a forecast of your sales goals will work to your advantage in two ways. First, it will help you to set goals along the way â€" daily, monthly, or quarterly â€" and provide a well-researched reason behind the goals you set. Second, it will give venture capitalists a glimpse of the kind of revenue you plan to generate through your business, and essentially help them to get a bigger picture of whats in it for them if they choose to invest.Question 4 â€" What are your overhead and inventory costs over the same timeframes?Everyone has heard the adage that you have to spend money to make money. The overhead and inventory cost calculations that should be a part of your business plan and business pitch involve this exact concept. Investors know that these are numbers that will affect the bottom line, so they cant be overlooked when planning your business, even as part of the pitch. You need to know what it will cost to run the business you plan to run, and how much money needs to be spent up front to reach the point where revenue can be made. Without these details, it will seem as if you havent planned your business from a practical standpoint, which is a red flag to potential investors.You need to know exactly what will be required to have in your inventory, as well as the overhead that will be required in the basic operation of your day-to-day business dealings. Will you need a printer? Put that on the list. What about ink for the printer (which is expensive!)? Put that on the overhea d cost list, as well. If a potential investor looks at your overhead costs and notices that you havent determined these costs from a realistic vantage point, your entire business idea will start to not hold water.Question 5 â€" What is your timeline and your plan to implement this timeline?When hearing your business pitch, a potential investor will want to know about your timeline for the business, and your plan to implement that timeline. For example, youll need to estimate important start dates for expenses incurred in the process of conducting your business. When will your storefront be open, and what will it take to get to that point? Five months into your storefronts being open, what do you expect to see as far as sales and inventory costs?This timeline will sync with your long-term plans for cost and inventory, as well. Together, they will present an overall picture of how well you have planned out your business. In short, they will either make or break your business pitch!Que stion 6 â€" How will you use the money invested in your business?Venture capitalists are less likely to finance your business idea if they worry their money will be mismanaged. Because of this reality, most will want to see a detailed estimate of how the money that is invested will be used and accounted for. Within this analysis, they want to see that youve realistically planned for the business expenses that you will incur in the process of opening and running your business. They also want to make sure that youve included budgets for everything from assistants to paper to storefront costs if you are opening a brick-and-mortar store. Put simply, they want details about where the money is going and how it will be accounted for at all stages of the business enterprise â€" from planning, to execution, to managing for longevity.Question 7 â€" What can investors expect to receive in return for their investment?In addition to full disclosure of how their money will be spent in the day-to- day operations of a business, investors will, of course, want to know the return they can expect to receive for their investment. As the part of your business idea that is likely to be the most attractive facet to an investor, this ROI is the true selling point of the entire pitch. No investor will want to put money into something that will lose money for him or her, and this promise (or suggestion, rather) of a return on his or her investment is the part that must be solidly presented, with numbers to back it up. Investors also want to see that you have the business acumen to understand how to handle their investment wisely, and, hopefully, to not lose money in the process of trying to gain it. Once you have investors convinced that you know what youre doing â€" that youve run the numbers multiple times and are prepared for a myriad of potential problems â€" youll have their ear and their money.Final noteA business pitch and a business plan are likely to be looked over if they are full of grammar, spelling, or punctuation errors. Dont forget to have a second pair of eyes look over all of your writing â€" both for the business plan and for the presentation materials that you might be putting on PowerPoint slides or other software. Even the best-organized business plans can look unprofessional with just a few small grammar errors, as investors will wonder why youve allowed something so important to you to be overshadowed by misspellings and mistakes. Put simply: If your business plan and business pitch are rock solid, be sure your grammar, spelling, and punctuation used to relate them are equally as solid.

Hr Management An Hr Manager - 1394 Words

An HR manager needs to advocate a diverse workforce by making diversity qualities clear at all hierarchical levels, or some employees will rapidly reason that there is no future for them in the organization. As the HR manager, it is important to show regard for diversity issues and advance clear and positive reactions to them. Diversity can be defined as acknowledging, understanding, accepting, and valuing differences among people with respect to age, class, race, ethnicity, gender, disabilities, etc. (Esty et al. 1995, p. 1). The importance of having individuals with varying lifestyles in the workforce from a human resource professional perspective is that you have to keep in mind the end goal to meet these challenges, and it is fundamental to obtain top administration responsibility. Also, the gifted training and broadness of departmental learning HR retain, and a mutual understanding that managing diversity is not a separate issue to be explained but rather a continuous and lon g practice. It is this commitment and shared understanding that is needed to sustain the willingness to work together when employees do not share skills and abilities, values, experiences, culture, and ways of interpreting the meaning and solving problems (Zane, 2002, p. 438). Managing diversity at companies requires that employees make a global and peaceful environment which highlights a better spotlight of the organization with individuals looking for occupations, therefore ready to pull inShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management : An Hr Manager Essay805 Words   |  4 Pagesthe course and I have acquired knowledge of human resource management. Appraising through Thomas Kilman conflict mode instrument (Raines, 2013), I have understood my character which is suitable for guiding employees in a company, as I have patience, teaching experience and leadership skills. Therefore, I will focus on training part as an HR senior manager in the future. In order to achieve my career target, I have found that just learn HR course is not enough, as a good trainer should have experienceRead MoreDiscussion Questions Hrm1655 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussion Questions 1. Explain what HR management is and how it relates to the management process. Human Resource Management is the process of acquiring, training, appraising, and compensating employees, and of attending to their labor relations, health and safety, and fairness concerns. The HR management function is all about the staffing activity. Staffing is all about personnel management. Staffing is basically determining what type of people you want to hire and the selection of those peopleRead MoreThe Changing Role of Hr Management1106 Words   |  5 PagesThe Changing Role of HR Management University of Phoenix Human Resources Management The Changing Role of HR Management For years, businesses relied on personnel departments for the management of their employees. The primary concerns of the personnel departments included attendance records, benefits, and salary. Therefore, the personnel departments did not consider the importance of contributions a company’s employees made to the business. These contributions included such things as diversityRead MoreHarrison Brothers Corporation Case Study1570 Words   |  7 Pagescase from the course text, Human Resource Management Applications: Cases, Exercises, Incidents, and Skill Builders, located on page 13. The Role of the HR Manager Brenda McCain views her responsibilities as challenging given that multiple areas of the corporation’s operation need improvement in order to better align with the updated store business strategy. She clearly expresses several areas of need that fall within some functions of HR Management; however, after careful review and discussionRead MoreAuthor John W. Boudreau, Ph.D., Presents A Compelling Case1573 Words   |  7 Pagescase study of how IBM totally restructured its HR organization. According to Boudreau (2010), â€Å"IBM had created a unique workforce management initiative (WMI) that reflected the increasing need for global organizations to have a transparent and comprehensive view of their talent supply, requirements and implications for business strategy† (p. 1). A close examination of IBM’s realignment of its HR function seems to show a move towards flattening out its HR organization in order to make it more responsiveRead MoreArgument of Hr1723 Word s   |  7 PagesArgument of HR 1. Executive Summary This paper explores the deficiencies of the two briefs which are â€Å"Anyone can do HR† and â€Å"HR focuses on costs which must be controlled†. Obviously, these two briefs are one-sided. He can not fully understand the important position in the development of a enterprise. In modern times, HR has been promoted to a high degree of enterprise development strategies and plays more and more important roles in the development of enterprises. In the modern business managementRead MoreWhy Line Manager Is Increasing Important1174 Words   |  5 Pagesto Human Resource Management (HRM). Recently, a large number of researches have indicated that using HR practices, such as training and development, performance appraisal, information sharing or participation, in HRM will in a certain term improve HRM outcomes (Connie Zheng, Mark Morrison Grant O’Neill, 2006: 50). However, with the development of Human Resource Management, HR practices are no longer just be used by HR managers, increasing line managers are required to execute HR practices at theRead MoreHuman Resource Management and Hr1030 Words   |  5 PagesThe report below sets out the importance of the HR function, explains how HR activities support the organisation’s strategy and ways HR sup port line managers and their staff. The HR Function is in a position to add value by proper formulation and implementations of the following activities and in turn support the organisation strategy. Recruitment and Selection Recruiting the wrong people can lead to a drop in productivity, lack of commitment, low morale, and rapid staff turnover, all of whichRead MoreCase Study on Change Management1607 Words   |  7 PagesAbout the Case Study This case study is about the Human Resources Management challenges faced by a retail organization and the appropriate HR Technology solution provided to meet out these challenges. About the Organization in Case Study The organization in the study is one of the largest retail stores chain across the globe. They have around 100 retail stores in India in different locations and looking to expand further to more than 200 store across India. Organizational Structure OrganizationRead MoreThe Importance Of A Good Human Resource Department1748 Words   |  7 Pagesis essential to any successful businesses in today’s society. Before human resource managers were seen as people who deal with employee disputes and little more, now this is just one small part of their role to organisations. Human resource is a huge department for reasons as being a key planner in helping company’s employee performances. In this essay I will be exploring the different types of personnel management that is used, assessing the roles of human resource practitioners, Evaluating the responsibilities

Vygotskys Theory Of Cognitive Development - 1622 Words

Learning Journal Entry 5 Theories of Cognitive Development (Vygotsky) Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky alleged that adults play a fundamental role in the development of children as they nurtured their learning in a premeditated way (McDevitt et al, 2013), rather than entrusting it to natural processes. Vygotsky also believed that language played a primary responsibility in a child’s development, while Piaget excluded this from his theory (McDevitt et al, 2013). The social experiences a child encounter along with conversations they have with others and themselves (self-talk), greatly influences their capacity to grow and learn. One of the benefits of Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development is the Zone of Proximal development. Where children are frequently being pressed to the limit of their comfort zones within learning in order of forward progression (McDevitt et al, 2013). In Vygotsky’s theory, he developed nine key ideas. These ideas include: Key Principles General Description 1. ‘Some cognitive processes are seen in a variety of species; others are unique to human beings’ (McDevitt et al, 2013, p.220). Vygotsky held belief that there is two different mental functions that species exhibit (lower and higher) (McDevitt et al, 2013). He explained that many species demonstrate lower mental functions (determining which foods to eat), unlike human beings which are unique in their use of higherShow MoreRelatedDiscuss and Evaluate Vygotskys Theory of Cognitive Development966 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development (8+16) Vygotsky proposed that children’s development is affected by their culture and social interaction. He also suggested that children are not born with knowledge but they gain it through their social interactions with peers and adults; he does not rule out the importance of biological processes but proposes an interdependent relationship between biological development alongside social activity and cultural interaction. Since language isRead MoreEssay Lev Vygotskys Theory on Cognitive Development982 Words   |  4 Pagessocieties â€Å"foster children’s cognitive development in an intentional and somewhat systematic manner† (Ormrod, 2011, pg.39). Vygotsky sociocultural theory focused on what a child could do merely with an adult’s assistance. Nature is the emphasis of this theory highlighting children’s cultural and social environmental experiences that influence cognitive growth. Two main terms that are of uttermost importance in this principle are a child’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) and scaffolding (OrmrodRead MoreVygotsky s Theory And Development Of Higher Mental Functions898 Words   |  4 PagesIn Vygotsky’s theory, children have two basic kinds of functions or mental processes that Vygotsky entitled lower mental functions, and higher mental functions. Lower mental functions are defined as their natural way of learning or innate ways that one would respond to their environment. Higher mental functions are defined as a more complex way of thinking or processing. In Vygotsky’s view, the potential for acquiring lower mental functions is biologically built in, but society and culture are criticalRead MoreThe Theory Of Cognitive Development1025 Words   |  5 PagesMany philosophers have developed theories of how individuals learn over the decades. As an individual progresses through life from childhood to adulthood, the manner in which they take in knowledge, and mature is the basic theory of cognitive development. Cognitive development can be described as how an individual’s thought process develops, and how these thought processes impact how an individual comprehends and interacts in the world. The psychology theorists of the past have shaped the classroomsRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Education1672 Words   |  7 PagesPsychologists Jean Piaget’s and Lev Vygotsky’s contributions to our knowledge about cognitive development and learning, forms the foundations of modern education. Both men’s work was revolutionary for their times, underpinning the transformative shift to a constructivist way of thinking, which emerged as the most significant influence on education of the 21st Century (James Bader, 2002). Piaget, was the first psychologist to investigate the world from the perspective of the child, determining thatRead MoreComparing Piaget And Vygotsky s Theory Of Cognitive Development813 Words   |  4 Pagesof cognitive development. Both of these men considered themselves a constructivist, which entails a viewpoint that is concerned with the nature of knowledge. In their lifetime, both of them made contributions in the area of education and even after death, their theories still influence teaching methods. The purpose of this paper is to show some similarities as well as differences in the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky and what can be gained by having a better understanding of their theories. A BriefRead MoreCompare and contrast Piaget‚Äà ´s and Vygotsky‚Äà ´s theories of cognitive development in children1274 Words   |  6 PagesPiaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of cognitive development in children. 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Conflict with Watching Tv Free Essays

Television viewing is a regular part of American daily life and poses negative effects on children and adults. When television was invented children and adults would only spend a couple hours during the day watching television. Now children and adults are obsessively watching television for more than two hours a day. We will write a custom essay sample on Conflict with Watching Tv or any similar topic only for you Order Now Television creates multiple health problems. A problem with watching too much television is a lack of movement and sleep. Also, watching too much television can cause a lack of communication inside and outside of the house. Television is extremely distracting when a person is trying to do his or her homework. Television is detrimental because it creates health problems. The television provides many opportunities to be lazy. First, children and adults will stay up all night watching television causing a lack of sleep having an after effect in the schooling department. A negative effect of television is adults and children are missing out on the physical workout that keeps us healthy from being outside and active. Second, it has been proven that television has a connection with weight gain. Children are more obsessive over TV because they mimic what they see on television without understanding the consequences that follow their actions. Children may watch TV shows that contain violence and will mimic it. This could lead to nightmares and acting out. Third, television can lower a person’s self-esteem. The media puts on ads of products portraying the perfect image, as a result making children and adults have low self-esteem. When children watch too much violence they become unaware of reality and try to imitate it. If television does not benefit children it can lead them to behave inappropriately. Other than television creating health problems, it is also detrimental because it makes people communicate less. Without a parent’s guide or adult supervision, shows on television can become a lifestyle for the young ages of today. First, viewers are unable to carry on a conversation while watching television. People are discarding and ignoring potentially important conversations simply by focusing on the television rather than people talking. Next, people spend us the majority of their time watching television. Television demands vision and hearing to receive images and sounds so that the viewer can get important information to understand programs. Second, some families go as far as letting their children watching television during dinner time instead of sitting around the dinner table and discussing valuable matters. Instead of watching television, the day should be spent productively with family, aside from work and school. A lack of communication will diminish parent-child interaction can have negative effects on children, especially when they are young. Third, this neglect could lead to the breakdown of relationships between family members and lost friendships. Television is a function that is diffusing information but lacks interaction with other people. The longer a person watches television, the shorter his or her communication skills are. When a person watches TV constantly they do not care for a long meaningful conversation only a superficial conversation. Due to spending most of our daily time watching television, people care less about job responsibility and relationships between families and friends. Not only does television create lack of communication, TV also creates distraction. Children who become addicted to television seem to have worst grades based on the fact that television runs there life’s. First, Television is distracting because it takes away the ability to want to do homework or read. People’s attention spend gets shortened because too much of television. This is where procrastination starts people decide to watch a TV show and then do their homework after the show is finished, but instead they get sleepy and are not able to complete it. Second, continuing to watch TV instead of doing homework will have a major effect on a student’s grades. Some people stay up to watch all the games that play so they do not miss anything. Sleeping in late can cause individuals to be tired the next day of school and can lead to not doing as great on an assignment, quiz, or test the following morning. Third, when watching television, some people are not as likely to be involved with other activities. Television affects children the most. Every child has limited time and resources to put toward personal development. If children fill up all their free time watching television they will miss out on many life lessons learned through experience. Children may learn a little bit from the TV, but not nearly as much as school and playing outside. Having more quantity time to spend on their own development means that our children are starting to seriously excel in certain areas they’ve worked on with their own initiative. In conclusion, television is detrimental because it creates health problems by making people lazier. After work these days, a typical father comes home and sits down in front of the television instead of being productive by spending time with their children, or working on projects. Too much television also causes a lack of communication because most people tend to get absorbed in the story of their favorite show, and completely ignore their surroundings including their upset spouse or child. Television can be an addiction that makes people lethargic, anti-social, and distracted affecting many areas of a healthy life. How to cite Conflict with Watching Tv, Essay examples

The Effects Of Marijuana Essays - Entheogens, Medicinal Plants

The Effects Of Marijuana Marijuana can cause many harmful effects. There has never been a major test though. The ones they've used have shown very different things. I have been very surprised by what I have been reading. I cannot believe the difference in what different scientists think. One says, ?It's hard to know for sure whether regular marijuana use causes cancer. But it is known that marijuana contains some of the same and sometimes even more, of the cancer-causing chemicals found in tobacco smoke. Studies show that someone who smokes five joints per week may be taking in as many cancer-causing chemicals as someone who smokes a full pack of cigarettes every day.? While in certain places it is legally perscribed to people with many different types of cancer. The New scientist says, ?A FRENCH government study has heaped fuel on the debate over the safety of cannabis by listing it as the least dangerous of all potentially addictive drugs. It also concludes that alcohol is among the most dangerous. The study, commissioned by French health minister Bernard Kouchner, was carried out by a panel of 10 French and foreign scientists headed by Bernard-Pierre Roques of the Ren? Descartes University of Paris. The panel searched the scientific literature for information about psychological and physical dependence, neural and general toxicity and social hazards such as aggressive behavior caused by various legal and illegal drugs. The team then grouped the substances into three categories of dangerousness. Cannabis was the only drug put in the least dangerous category. While cautioning that no drug they assessed was completely free of danger, the researchers gave cannabis a rating of weak for social hazard and addictiveness, very weak for general toxicity and zero for neurotoxicity. In the most dangerous category, they included heroin and other opiates, and cocaine. Alcohol was also placed in this category because of its strong toxicity, its potential as a social hazard and its very stron g addictiveness. In the middle category they placed stimulants such as amphetamines, hallucinogens and tobacco--largely because of its very strong addictiveness and toxicity. The authors point out that government's base their decisions whether or not to prohibit a drug on its ability to induce dependence. They conclude that the official classification for some drugs is incorrect.? These are two very different sides. Yet another online site says, ?Health officials in Geneva have suppressed the publication of a politically sensitive analysis that confirms what ageing hippies have known for decades: cannabis is safer than alcohol or tobacco. According to a document leaked to New Scientist, the analysis concludes not only that the amount of dope smoked worldwide does less harm to public health than drink and cigarettes, but that the same is likely to hold true even if people consumed dope on the same scale as these legal substances. The comparison was due to appear in a report on the harmful effects of cannabis published last December by the WHO. But it was ditched at the last minute following a long and intense dispute between WHO officials, the cannabis experts who drafted the report and a group of external advisers. As the WHO's first report on cannabis for 15 years, the document had been eagerly awaited by doctors and specialists in drug abuse. The official explanation for excluding the comparison of dope with legal substances is that the reliability and public health significance of such comparisons are doubtful. However, insiders say the comparison was scientifically sound and that the WHO caved in to political pressure. It is understood that advisers from the US National Institute on Drug Abuse and the UN International Drug Control Programme warned the WHO that it would play into the hands of groups campaigning to legalise marijuana. One member of the expert panel which drafted the report, says: In the eyes of some, any such comparison is tantamount to an argument for marijuana legalisation. Another member, Billy Martin of the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond, says that some WHO officials went nuts when they saw the draft report. The leaked version of the excluded section states that the reason for making the comparisons was not to promote one drug over another but rather to minimise the double

40 Twitter Hashtags for Writers

40 Twitter Hashtags for Writers 40 Twitter Hashtags for Writers 40 Twitter Hashtags for Writers By Simon Kewin If you use Twitter, you’re probably already familiar with the idea of hashtags. These are simply a way of categorizing particular tweets by including within them a keyword prefixed with the hash or â€Å"pound† (#) symbol. So, for example, tweets containing writing advice will often contain the â€Å"#writetip† tag. The point of this is to make it easier to find all tweets containing writing advice : you just search for â€Å"#writetip†. Similarly, you could find a stream of publication tips by keeping an eye on tweets with â€Å"#pubtip† in them.   Using relevant hashtags in your own tweets also increases the likelihood of others seeing your post and becoming a follower. They’re a great way to engage with a particular community of Twitter users.   The following is a list of some of the hashtags that will be of interest to writers. The list can never be exhaustive because anyone can invent a new tag at any time. Most are self-explanatory, although some need explanation :  Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã‚   #amediting  Ã‚  posts from people who are editing #amwriting  Ã‚  posts from people who are writing #askagent  Ã‚  agent questions and answers #author #authors #editing #fictionfriday #fridayflash  Ã‚  flash fiction on a Friday #nanowrimo  Ã‚  national novel writing month #novels #novelists #poem #poet #poets #poetry #pubtip  Ã‚  publication tips #publishing #scifi #selfpublishing #vss  Ã‚  Ã‚  very short story #webfic  Ã‚  web fiction #weblit  Ã‚  Ã‚  web literature #wip  Ã‚  Ã‚  work in progress #wordcount #writegoal #writequote #writer #writers #writetip  Ã‚  writing advice #writing #writingtips  Ã‚  writing advice #wrotetoday  Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã‚   Some hashtags are specifically â€Å"chats† – which means they work in the same way as all tags, but are mainly used at certain agreed times :  Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã‚   #journchat #kidlitchat #litchat #scifichat #scribechat #storycraft #writechat #yalitchat   Ã‚  young adult literature chat  Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Ã‚   The following spreadsheet is a good place to keep track of the schedules for these Twitter chats if you’re interested in joining in :   http://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=ruaz3GZveOsoXUOOt86B3AQ Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About NumbersBroadcast vs Broadcasted as Past Formâ€Å"Least,† â€Å"Less,† â€Å"More,† and â€Å"Most†

Definition and Examples of Sound Bites

Definition and Examples of Sound Bites A sound bite is a brief excerpt from a text or performance (usually ranging from a single word to a sentence or two) that is meant to capture the interest and attention of an audience. Also known as a grab or a clip. In recent presidential elections, said Craig Fehrman  in 2012, the average TV sound bite has dropped to a tick under eight seconds (The Boston Globe). In the 1960s, a 40-second sound bite was the norm. Examples and Observations From Other Writers From the late 1960s to the late 1980s, the place of oratory in U.S. public culture was shrinkingliterally. In 1968, the average sound bite in presidential election news coverage was more than 43 seconds long. In 1972, it dropped to 25 seconds. In 1976, it was 18 seconds; in 1980, 12 seconds; in 1984, just 10 seconds. By the time the 1988 election season rolled around, the size of the average sound bite had been reduced to less than 9 seconds. . . . By the end of the 1980s, . . . the time and space allotted to political oratory in the American mainstream media had already been incrementally eroded.(Megan Foley, Sound Bites: Rethinking the Circulation of Speech From Fragment to Fetish. Rhetoric and Public Affairs, Winter 2012)A day like today is not a day for sound bites, really. But I feel the hand of history upon our shoulders.(Prime Minister Tony Blair on arriving in Belfast, Northern Ireland, for the talks that produced the Good Friday Agreement, April 8, 1998Seeking to prod Congre ss to provide more money to help prevent layoffs from local and state governments, [President] Obama stressed how much better off private companies are doing in terms of hiring.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The private sector is doing fine, he said, immediately giving Mitt Romney the same kind of bumper-sticker sound bite that Mr. Obama used against Mr. McCain four years ago. (Michael D. Shear, Republicans Take Aim at Obama’s ‘Doing Fine’ Comments. The New York Times, June 8, 2012) Over images of factory employees hard at work and smiling families, an announcer says, when a million jobs were on the line, every Republican candidate turned their back, even said, Let Detroit go Bankrupt.Then the commercial pivots to the president. Not him, says the announcer as a sound bite of the president plays. Don’t bet against the American auto industry, Mr. Obama is shown saying.(Jeremy W. Peters, Obama Goes After Republicans in New Michigan Ad. The New York Times, February 23, 2012)I am even told that you like your reading in short bursts now. Little chunks. Sound bites. Like that. Because you are busy. In a rush. Like to graze. Like cows. A bite here. A bite there. Too much to do. No time to spare. Under pressure. Bollocks. Lazy. Stupid. Finger out. Socks up.It was not always thus. Time was when an Englishman could happily gawp at a single sentence for an hour at a time. The ideal magazine essay took roughly as long to read as it took your umbrella to dry.(Michael B ywater, The Chronicles of Bargepole. Jonathan Cape, 1992) Sound Bites as Compressed Arguments As Peggy Noonan has explained so well, a sound bite is the culmination of good writing and a good argument. Ask not what your country can do ... or The only thing we have to fear ... represented the sharpest point of the speeches behind them. (John Dickerson, Dispatches From the Republican National Convention.Slate, August 30, 2012)The sound-bite should encapsulate the main point of the argument; the strongest opinion or reaction. Again there is a danger of distortion by over-emphasizing the already emphatic and polarizing a point of view, and this danger can only be eliminated by carefully explaining the context in which the remarks were made. (Andrew Boyd, Peter John Stewart, and Ray Alexander, Broadcast Journalism: Techniques of Radio and Television News, 6th ed. Focal Press, 2008) The Sound Bite Culture A sound bite society is one that is flooded with images and slogans, bits of information and abbreviated or symbolic messagesa culture of instant but shallow communication. It is not just a culture of gratification and consumption, but one of immediacy and superficiality, in which the very notion of news erodes in a tide of formulaic mass entertainment. It is a society anesthetized to violence, one that is cynical but uncritical, and indifferent to, if not contemptuous of, the more complex human tasks of cooperation, conceptualization, and serious discourse. . . . The sound bite culture . . . focuses on the immediate and the obvious; the near-term, and the particular; on identity between appearance and reality; and on the self rather than larger communities. Above all, it is a society that thrives on simplicity and disdains complexity.(Jeffrey Scheuer, The Sound Bite Society: How Television Helps the Right and Hurts the Left. Routledge, 2001) Television Journalism and Sound Bites In any campaign reform, it must be acknowledged that television news is an accomplice as well as a victim of the politicos. The sound bite is to television what the fang bite was to Dracula. The office seeker who has a thought that takes more than 30 seconds to express turns producers rabid. (Walter Goodman, Toward a Campaign of Substance in 92.  The New York Times, March 26, 1990)Television is the enemy of complexity. You rarely have time to express the fine points, the caveats, the context of your subject. Youre always being interrupted just as you try to make a larger point. What works best on a talk show is the snappy one-liner, the artful insult, the definitive declaration. What makes you look weak and vacillating is an acknowledgment that your case is not airtight, that the other side may have a valid point. (Howard Kurtz, Hot Air: All Talk, All The Time. Times Books, 1996)If news reporters and cameras are only there to be used by politicians as recording devices for their sc ripted soundbites, at best that is a professional discourtesy. At worst, if we are not allowed to explore and examine a politicians views, then politicians cease to be accountable in the most obvious way. (ITV news reporter Damon Green, quoted by Mark Sweney in Ed Miliband TV Interviewer Reveals Shame Over Absurd Soundbites. The Guardian, July 1, 2011) Sound-Bite Sabotage Sound-bite saboteurs on all sides of the aisle try to move the opinion of publics toward positions that are contrary to the best available data. Rather than communicating with publics to enable more informed decision making, sound-bite sabotage occurs when public and private leaders use the tools of public relations to discredit the importance of using data, engaging in scholarly inquiry, and supporting democratic deliberation.Seeing (hearing, reading, experiencing) sound-bite sabotage draws our attention to the commodification of political discourse rather than to the political spectacles constructed, to distract citizens from the communicative strategies mobilized by public and private elites. (Julie Drew, William Lyons, and Lance Svehla. Sound-Bite Saboteurs: Public Discourse, Education, and the State of Democratic Deliberation. SUNY Press, 2010) Alternate Spellings: sound-bite, soundbite

What were the legal and ethical ramifications of the mid 1980's Research Paper

What were the legal and ethical ramifications of the mid 1980's insider trading scandal - Research Paper Example The stock trading of an organization as well as other securities, which include bonds or stock options, by people who have significant inside information about a company is called the insider trading. It is considered to be legal by most countries, but only in the case that it does not harm the company and its profit making in any way. The insider traders are mostly the officers, key employees, directors and other shareholders who may gain such authentic information. But this very term, insider trading, also have negative connotations. In the United States, it is incumbent upon the inside traders to publicly declare their trade transactions to the regulatory authority within the given time of business days. However, when the same thing is done based on material nonpublic information while an insider is carrying a duty, it becomes a fraud and a breach of trust. This illegal insider trading, which as a result raises the cost of capital for security issuers lead to a large decline in ec onomic growth. There are ethics officers, who are commonly known as business conduct officers, hired by organizations to protect their interests (Geisst, 2006). â€Å"Wall Street insider trading scandal 1980†: This practice has started since the mid-1980s due to constant series of financial frauds, corruption and many abuse scandals which surrounded the US defense industry. To protect and promote the ethical business practices the Defense Industry Initiative (DII) was formed, which set an initial standard for ethics management in companies. One such famous case of an insider trading scandal is that of â€Å"the Wall Street insider trading scandal of the mid-1980s†. Its primary player was Dennis Levine who was a managing director at Drexel Burnham Lambert (Newsweek, 1986). The initial charge was filed by the US Attorney Rudy Giuliani which finally led the investigators to arrest Ivan Boesky. Levine built a whole network of professionals in many Wall Street firms who wer e engaged in insider trading. He maintained an account with a fake name in the Swiss banks subsidiaries in Bahamas because it has some of the hardest bank secrecy laws as compared to anywhere in the world. He did this to be safe from detection. He then had to shift his business in May 1980 to â€Å"Bank Leu† which earned him around $10.6 million (Stewart, 1991). But at Bank Leu, the officials there realized Levine’s insider trading activities and banked on him themselves. But they did this collaborative action through Merrill Lynch, which detected a suspicion about trading activities in two other brokers’ personal accounts in May 1985. This started an internal investigation which reached Bank Leu, where due to the bank’s secrecy they had to forward the matter to the SEC â€Å"U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission†. It was decided by the bank officials that Levine should give his reasons for such an insider trading, but due to their destroying mos t of the sensitive documents relevant to Levine’s activity, they were charged with obstruction of justice (Dentzer, 1986). The Bank Leu officials decided to cooperate with the SEC because they noticed a huge gap between the actual managed accounts’ statements and the omnibus records. The stock trading was taken to be distinct from normal banking transactions and hence the bank named Levine guilty as the allegations were proved against him, thus his fraudulent activities led to his arrest. There was a tremendous amount of evidence against Levine related to securities fraud, obstructing justice, tax evasion and a charge of perjury as well. Levine decided to coordinate with the government in order to disclose the names of others who were involved alongside him (Levine and Hofer, 1991). This coordination with the government helped him to have a reduced sentence of two years in prison with a $362,000 fine (Time Magazine, 1987). He also agreed to pay the penalty for these il legal profits as well and also approved of

4 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

4 questions - Essay Example Leadership has been in existence since the traditional times where people elected chiefs and warrior who represented smaller groups of people and has been developed to the kind of leadership today where people elect presidents and governors who represent larger groups. It is the study of knowledge application on action of people, individual actions, and group actions in an organisation. Organizational behavior therefore tends to interpret organizational relationships basing facts on an individual person, a group of individuals, or the whole social system. The purpose of organizational behavior is to improve the relationship among people in an organization by achieving all the objectives (human, organizational and social) at a go. An example of its application is a situation whereby the human resource manager carries out a research to understand the employees so that their personal objectives are achieved while at the same time the objectives of the organization are achieved. Most organizations operate according to the four models of organizational behavior which are autocratic, custodial supportive and collegialization. Politics dates back in the 17th century when leadership was introduced and the competition for the leadership position influenced the rise of politics. Politics can be defined as the influencing other people on a civil level or it can also refer to the process of controlling the community or state in an organized manner. Politics involve things such as influencing people to ones political views, making laws, exercising equality among the people and negotiation with other political subjects. The level of politics depends upon the number of people that the politician is leading and the power that the group has. An example of a political situation is the government of USA where Obama is the president and this is the highest rank of

Inserted-Plate Coated of Methanol Steam Reformer

Inserted-Plate Coated of Methanol Steam Reformer High Efficiency Inserted-Plate Coated of Methanol Steam Reformer: PEM Fuel Cell Applications Methanol can be easily stored and transported and converted to H2 using a reforming reactor that makes it an excellent hydrogen and energy source for fuel cell applicationsEasily storage, transporting and converting to H2 by a reforming reactor using makes it an excellent energy source for PEMFC applications [1-3] During the last decades, there has been a growing interest on developing technologies taking advantage of clean energy sources. The reduction of atmospheric pollution and, namely, the emission of greenhouse gases have become imperative and, among the new technologies for mitigating these emissions, fuel cells have the ability to efficiently convert chemical into electrical energy. In particular, PEMFCs are zero-pollutants emission systems because they transform the chemical energy of the electrochemical reaction within hydrogen and oxygen into clean electrical powerTodays, for environmental issues, growing interest on developing technologies including clean energy sources has been focused. Pollution issue and, especially, the emission of greenhouse gases have become crucial and, the new technology for elimination of these emission, can be achieved by PEMFC. [4, 5] Meanwhile, compared to other feedstocks, methanol exploitation shows various advantages as a hydrogen carrier for fuel cell applications and, namely, it can be produced from renewable sources[9], and the reforming reaction occurs at relatively low temperatures, ca. 240–260 1CAmong these, methanol exploitation leads various advantages as a hydrogen carrier and, especially, reforming reaction applying at relatively low temperature (240-260 C) [6] , compared to the methane reforming, normally performed at 800–1000 1C, compared to the methane reforming, normally carry out at 800-1000 C[7] . Methanol steam reforming (MSR) reaction has been seen as a very attractive and promising process for hydrogen production and, according to the scientific literature on the argument, it can be described by the following chemical reactions:Attractive and promising of the methanol steam reforming process cause especial insight to this reaction which according to the scientific references, occurs by the following chemical reactions: Where reactions 1, 2 and 3 represent MSR reaction, water gas shift reaction and methanol decomposition reaction, respectively.Reaction (1), represents MSR reaction, reaction (2) represents water gas shift reaction and reaction (3) represents the methanol decomposition reaction The reactor design has direct impact on the reaction conversion, but owing to higher technical complexity and manufacturing costs of other designs, the reformers and MRs are normally tubular. However, recent efforts in the area of micro-processing made possible and easier to manufacture other reactor designs and namely well-structured à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡at micro-reactors. A micro-reactor is defined as a device that contains micro structured features, with a sub-millimeter dimension, in which chemical reactions are performed in a continuous manner They present advantages compared to conventional ones such as higher surface-to-volume ratio, smaller mean distance of the specific à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uid volume to the reactor walls, better heat and matter transfer properties and à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow patterns that fit with the reaction needs. Furthermore, à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡at reformers are suitable for stack integration with fuel cells. Packed-bed micro-reactors require well-define catalyst particles, wi th regular shape and much smaller than the internal dimensions of the micro-channels, which is a problem for most of commercial catalysts.The reactor design, directly impress reaction conversion but owning to higher complexity and fabrication costs should be considered. Common normally MRs are in tubular shape. However, recent researches show easier to manufacture and possibility of other designs and namely well-structured flat micro-reactors. A reactor containing micro structure features and sub-millimeter dimension through performing in a continues manner representing advantages such as higher surface to volume ratio, smaller mean distance of the specific fluid volume to the reactor walls, improving heat and mass transfer make appropriate situation of stack integration with fuel cells. [8]. Many studies have been developed to explore the advantages of micro/mini-reactors to produce hydrogen through MSR The design of a reactor targets the maximization of the conversion and selectivity at the lowest costs and its performance is inà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uenced by the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow pattern, velocity profile, pressure drop and heat transfer, so all these aspects must be consideredTo fabricate an effective micro-reactor having maximum conversion and selectivity at a low cost is impressed by the flow pattern, velocity profile, pressure drop and heat transfer, therefore all these approaches should be considered[9]. For conducting MSR reaction, most of the used reactor designs are rectilinear channels, pin-hole, coil-based and radial (Fig. 2).Coil-based reactor designs allow high conversions, but impose a significant pressure drop penalty, which may be a limitation for compact applications Categorization of the design consist rectilinear channels, pin-hole, coil-based and radial (Fi g. 2). Among these, Coil based leads high conversion and pressure drop preventing compact applications[9]. In the other hand, the rectilinear channel designs exhibit a small-pressure drop, but the conversion is low due to uneven mass distribution and is affected by the Reynolds number while, the first exhibit a small pressure drop, uneven mass distribution cause lower conversion which impressed by Reynolds number[9]. Yet, by adjusting the channels width [69] or by imposing a pressure drop at the channels entrance even distributions on rectilinear channel designs can be obtained, improving the methanol conversion[10]. Conventional packed-bed reactor has disadvantages, such as hot spots, delays in start-up, and mass and heat transfer limitations. For micro-scale reactor, the pressure drop is somewhat higher due to space constraints of channels being blocked with catalysts. A micro-pump used in portable applications may not be capable of overcoming a high pressure drop. On the other hand, microchannel reactor offers advantages, such as fast heating and cooling, large surface-area-to volume ratios, and less energy input The packed-bed reactors as a classic system, have disadvantages, such as hot spot, slow start-up, and heat and mass transfer limitations. Micro-structure scale of this group utilizing a micro pump is necessary, due to high pressure and channel blockage [10]. Some research has shown that wall-coated reactor performs better than packed bed reactor for SRM reaction various researches has proofed better performance of the wall-coated than packed bed reactor for SRM reaction[11, 12]. Experimental Catalyst preparation Firstly, 200 ml deionized water was heated to 80ËÅ ¡C and then metal nitrates of Cu, Zn and Fe (to prepare CuZnFe) were dissolved into the water until get the 0.2M solution. This solution was added to the heated water (80ËÅ ¡C) over stirrer under 350 rpm. To control and adjust pH around 7, the precipitation agent of 0.5M Na2CO3 was used. The obtained precipitates were aged at 60 ËÅ ¡C for 2 h under vigorous stirring. Afterward, the solids were filtered and washed with warm deionized water for several times and dried at 110 ËÅ ¡C for 12 h. then, the dried powder was calcined in a furnace at 350 ËÅ ¡C for 4h. Catalyst slurry preparation PVA (87-90% hydrolyzed, average mol wt 30,000-70,000,SIGMA-ALDRICH) was added to deionized water first, and stirred at 70 C until totally dissolved, then cooled at room temperature. As-synthesized, high-performance CuZnFe catalyst (10 wt.% catalyst) was added into the PVA solution (0.5 wt.%, 1 wt.%, 2 wt.% PVA) as-prepared. The catalyst slurry was kept in the ultrasonic bath for 1 h. Catalyst coating by electrophoretic deposition on stainless steel plates To prepare a regular, controlled catalytic layer, a well-stable suspensions of the catalyst powder are necessary which depend on the particle size, solvent characteristics and additional agents. To do this, the powder were milled to get a uniformity of particle size distribution below 40 micron, at least. Isopropanol was selected as solvent due to lower conductivity limiting solvent transportation than of the aqueous ones. Moreover, presence of aqueous base cause water electrolysis following poor coverage of catalyst. Electrophoretic deposition was performed at constant voltage (140 V) using a power supply unit (SPS-900NP-Navasanpardaz). The stainless steel (AISI-304) palates (7.04 cm2) were used as electrodes in the EPD bath. To cover both sides of the plate, a system including three electrodes was selected which, were mounted at a distance of 15 mm in a cell with a total volume of 120 ml. slurry of 72 g/L of catalyst in isopropanol and 1 g/L of PEI as binder was prepared through 15 min strongly stirring and then, 15 min signification in an ultrasonic bath (1200M-Soltec). The time of 4 min as coating time was fixed for all samples. After coating, the plates were dried in room temperature and then calcination at 350 C for 2 h. Method and materials According to the procedure in fig. 1, a series of CuZnFe slurries and samples were prepared. The synthesized powder was milled at 250 rpm for 10 min (due to initial fine powder structure short milling time was chosen) by a milling apparatus. It make a stable behavior of the slurry and homogenous final layer deposited. Results and Discussion After the coating procedure, the changing structure of the CuZnFe catalyst, the operating parameters and micro-channel characterization affect the efficiency of hydrogen in the output. In this study, explored a number of vital parameters characterization, including channeling arrangement and shape, coating methods and the efficiency of hydrogen production. Micro-Channeling Theory Design and micro-channel arrangement optimization cause select an appropriate structure limited by performance efficiency, constant cost like startup, Fabrication, and variable costs (Catalyst stability, coated layer quality, appropriate life time). Regardless of the constant costs, overall state and changing catalytic plates while the plates have been channelized, replacement and re-channelizing, coating procedure should be more difficult. Although, chein et. Al. [13] adopt three types reformer including the microchannel, the plain channel and the inserted catalyst layer while utilizing channeling over cover plate is different. All proposed structure of a square microchannel have been shown below†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. In this research, flexibility and replacing of an aged micro-reformer has been emphasized, an appropriate configuration with the minimum of fabrication cost through a recoverable coating procedure, minimum catalyst consuming and high efficiency has been adopted. A treated stainless steel as active layer was coated by the high efficiency CuZnFe catalyst which coated in an electrophoretic bath under a high controlling ability condition. The EPD producer will be discussed elsewhere, in detail. According to the optimum condition of a constant parameters, type of micro-channels, length and stability have been investigated. Reactor design The reactors were designed as flat-plate composed of stainless steel 304 plates. The microstructures were introduced by CNC technology. The both cover plate were machined to cover the active catalytic layer and increasing area to volume concept. The active layers were coated by home-made synthesized high efficiency steam reforming catalyst. Subsequently, the housing sealed by graphite gasket and bolts. The size and number of channels are summarized in table 1. Table 1.  Summary of the dimensions of the reactor: the channel dimensions are only provided for the reformate side of the plates Parallel channel Zig-zag channel Length(mm) Wide(mm) Depth(mm) Length(mm) Wide(mm) Depth(mm) The test plates and reformer design details are shown in fig. 1. On the top side of the cover plate, as shown in fig. 1(a), microchannel were patterned zig-zag path to reduce pressure drop along the path, holding high activity of the catalyst through the contact time increasing.(ref) the feed methanol-water mixture is sent to the vaporizer section including an inert alumina granule packed developing the heat transfer, and then, collected in an triangle manifold in the reformer inlet to obtain a more uniformly distributed flow. The design of the reformer channel (as shown in fig) leads splitting-jointing in an alternatively manner. In order to identify the reactant flow pattern effect on the reforming performance, the reformer channels shown in fig.1 were investigated. Catalyst coating The results of coating procedure, have been shown in fig 2. For all the plates, the same catalyst loading of 25mg was coated. Experimental setup A schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown in fig. 3. The main components of the system are reactants, micro-reformer and products. To provide the heat of the reaction an electrical furnace was used controlled by a TIC. The feedstock system including methanol-water in liquid phase was sent by a syringe pump (model nnn) in a designed feed composition and determined S/C= 1.3 in all the tests. The reformed gas stream was then sent to a cold trap to eliminate the unreacted liquid phase. In continues, the rest of the gases was conducted to a gas chromatography equipped via two columns of carboxen and hysep Q (model shimadzu GC-8A). Based on the achieved fractions and compositions, the methanol conversion, CO selectivity, hydrogen yield and stability of the active layer cab be achieved. A K-type thermocouple connected at the end of the holes which designed to measure temperature of determined spots along the axis, default of the measurement is based on the central point of the reformer for all the tests. Results and Discussion 50 mm parallel microchannel Fig. 4 and fig. 5 display the performance of the microchannels according to the length. The investigation was performed under different temperature and micro channel types. It can be observed that the methanol conversion rates with various lengths is no different although the magnitude of this depends on the micro channel arrangement and for the direct parallel channels is more obvious. In the experiments, the effect of reaction temperature could overcome length and full conversion of methanol was achieved, finally. For the zig zag type, by variation in length in a range of 20 to 50 mm, no difference was observed. The arrangement cause more efficiency in reduction of surface to volume ratio. Actually the need of a sufficient contact time of the reactants on the catalytic active sites is necessary for a satisfying conversion. In the zag-zag type the contact time will increased and the at least of the sufficient length of full conversion is about 25mm. other lengths below those was not possible due to the limitation of the mass flow controller. On the other hand, being endothermic of MSR, the least requirement heat of reaction can be supplied by increasing of the contact time on the cover plate which is contacted to the heating source, consequently following the micro channel length. About the CO content, however, due to being full conversion in considered lengths, there is no significant different among the cases. Higher conversion can cause producing some more CO in the outlet. On the other hand, sufficient existing catalyst affect the CO production due to being active rWGS in lower loading of the catalyst. (ref). Zig-Zag microchannel Felani et al. [ ] proposed that a novel channel arrangement with a certain sizing could guarantee better flow distribution, higher contact time being accessible of reaction and heating, and lower pressure drop than those of conventional ones. The proposed model can increase the methanol conversion. Fig. 6 shows the illustration of the micro-reactor with such zig-zag microchannel. The performances of parallel microchannels and that of zig-zag microchannels are compared by the present experiment. The micro-reactor in this study is different from that of chein et al. [13]. In chein’s paper, the reactor only has simple inserted plate without channelizing. It is noticed that in this experiment novel catalyst of CuZnFe has been used and the goal of this experiment is not the comparison of the cases. Advantages of easily replacing, lower costs of recoating and flexibility managing of the fuel processor. Fig. 7 shows the variation of the methanol conversion with the temperatures. It c an be found that with the increase of the temperature, the methanol conversion decrease. The conversion in zig-zag microchannels were higher than those in parallel microchannels. When the temperature is high, methanol conversion in zig-zag microchannels could be 20% higher than that in parallel microchannels. As mentioned before, zig-zag microchannels induce potential of providing more contact time to react under the help of catalysts, thereby enhancing the methanol conversion. Conclusions In this paper, the experiment of methanol steam reforming were performed in a micro-reformer coated with novel CuZnFe catalyst. The following conclusion can be achieved. 1. The impacts of reaction temperature, gas hourly space velocity, H2O-to-CH3OH molar ratio and catalyst stability were also investigated in this stainless micro-reformer. Condition selection of optimum operation can be achieved by these useful guidance. 2. Micro-reactor with two types microchannel arrangement, including zig-zag path and parallel microchannels, different lengths of 15, 30 and 60 mm were evaluated. It is found that methanol conversion in microchannels with zig-zag path are much higher than that of parallel path. In addition, since zig-zag path cause more contact time of the reactants on active sites of catalyst, there is no different of methanol conversion with length variation, while in the parallel path, it was obvious that higher length leads to more methanol conversion. References [1] D.R. Palo, R.A. Dagle, J.D. Holladay, Chemical Reviews 107 (2007) 3992-4021. [2] L. F Brown, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 26 (2001) 381-397. [3] C. Liao, P.A. Erickson, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 33 (2008) 1652-1660. [4] J.-H. Wee, Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 11 (2007) 1720-1738. [5] S. Bose, T. Kuila, T.X.H. Nguyen, N.H. Kim, K.-t. Lau, J.H. Lee, Progress in Polymer Science 36 (2011) 813-843. [6] R.Y. Chein, Y.C. Chen, Y.S. Lin, J. Chung, International Journal of Energy Research 36 (2012) 466-476. [7] A. Basile, A. Iulianelli, T. Longo, S. Liguori, M. De Falco, Membrane Reactors for Hydrogen Production Processes, Springer, 2011, pp. 21-55. [8] V. Hessel, S. Hardt, H. Là ¶we, Chemical micro process engineering: fundamentals, modelling and reactions, John Wiley Sons, 2006. [9] H. An, A. Li, A.P. Sasmito, J.C. Kurnia, S.V. Jangam, A.S. Mujumdar, Chemical Engineering Science 75 (2012) 85-95. [10] X. Ouyang, L. Bednarova, R. Besser, P. Ho, AIChE journal 51 (2005) 1758-1772. [11] A. Karim, J. Bravo, D. Gorm, T. Conant, A. Datye, Catalysis today 110 (2005) 86-91. [12] J. Bravo, A. Karim, T. Conant, G.P. Lopez, A. Datye, Chemical Engineering Journal 101 (2004) 113-121. [13] R.-Y. Chein, Y.-C. Chen, Y.-S. Lin, J. Chung, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 50 (2011) 1253-1262.

Psychology and the Importance in Churches Essay

I believe psychology is important in churches today because when I look at the attitude and conduct of church members, it exhibits the function of one’s mind, social behavior and development. Specifically when dealing with the mechanics of reception. Religions and churches face different possible reactions from its members or visitors which are directly correlated to the human behavior of the mind. It is easy to see how the Muslims by their social behavior are so fanatical and often times all-consuming in their faith. Muslims are more inclined to say that their religion is an important part of their daily lives. It is said that nine out of ten Muslims said their faith was more important in their lives, while the figure was 85% for Hindus and 66% for Christians. We see that there are various levels of reaction; other religions could fall into the category of having strong and mild attachment, proving that the human mind is a key ingredient into how people react and consume religion. This not only plays a role in people with religious beliefs, it’s also displayed in non-believers of faith such as agnostics and atheist. This is so because religion will not have an impact on some individuals; they will be indifferent, having no particular interest or sympathy. While others may be observant, willing to learn but some will still be unmoved to come to faith or beliefs. These are just a few arguments as to why I feel psychology plays a pertinent role, because people that help make up all religions will have different reactions from their minds, thus leading to various behaviors and level of belief. Along with actions and reaction, the mind will also contemplate upon past experiences, this enables one to either come to faith or not at all, based on what someone had said or done to them. This is known as locking or unlocking the mind. In conclusion, Behaviors and reactions are a state of one’s mind based upon life experiences. Psychology and the human mind play an intricate role in the growth or stunt of a Religion or a Church.

My Favorite Web Site and Why Essay - 1467 Words

My Favorite Web Site and Why Some Works Cited Missing In contrast to most of the other people in this class, I had never done any net surfing. So to prepare for this paper I explored the WWW for approximately seven hours. This helped to create an impression on me of what constitutes a good Web site. Finally, I decided on a favorite SF/CP Web site and I asked myself what made this site better than others. The Web site is dedicated to William Gibson (Foley) site which scrolls a picture of the writer on the site projecting an air of authority. The problem with the William Gibson site is that the background does little to complement the site. The background for the BR site however, not only complements the title but helps project the mood†¦show more content†¦If baffled to the nature of Bladerunner, a non-fan will imediately see that the table of contents contains a media bullet underwhich images, sounds, and video are provided. Simply a click on the mouse educates the non-fan and disproves the validity of the critics argument. To further aid the non-fan in investigating this site is its excel in fulfilling the second criteria of simplicity in style and organization. The home page is organized like a table of contents with 13 large bright colored bullets for each subject. Every dot (except one) is a link representing subjects that are direct and unconfusing. Every dot relates directly to the subject; Memorable Quotes (of Bladerunner)...Different Versions (of Bladerunner). Because of the table of contents format, the reader isnt forced to read through prose to understand the purpose of this site. When you click on Memorable quotes, for example, you are presented with just that: memorable quotes. Another example of organization can be found behind Whats New. It is organized with a list of dates that are enlarged and indented to differentiate between each other. 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The Successful Applications Of No Sql Databases - 1520 Words

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